 action:Action - An action is a change which is brought about by a single agent, playing a role. The agent is the holder of some indended outcome of the action: an action is always intentional. The intention of the agent has usually corresponds with an expectation the intended outcome to be brought about: the agent believes in some expectation. Note that the intention might not correspond with the *actual* outcome of the action. |
 action:actor - Specifies that some participant is an actor in the action. |
| action:actor_in - Specifies that the participant is an actor in some action. |
| action:Agent - It is a holder for propositional attitudes |
| action:Artifact - A physical object created by some person to fulfill a particular purpose |
 action:Collaborative_Plan - A collaborative plan is a plan which is shared (and executed) between at least two agents a and b. |
| action:Creation - An act which results in the creation of some entity/individual |
| action:Natural_Object - A natural object is an object not created by man. |
| action:Organisation - An organisation is a group of other organisations or persons which acts 'as one'. An organisation can be both formal (i.e. created by law or decree) or informal. |
| action:Person - A person is an individual agent. Usually associated with 'human being'. |
| action:Personal_Plan - A personal plan is a plan which is held (and can be executed) by at most one agent. |
| action:Plan - A plan is a structure of multiple other plans or actions. These can be both sequential or concurrent. Usually a plan is referred to in the context of the intention to act of some agent, however when executed the plan itself comes into effect. |
| action:Reaction - A reaction is an action that is (at least) performed by an agent that has observed some other action (this is an intensional view): Action <-> Reaction |
| action:Trade - A trade is an exchange of some things between two agents a and b. Consists of two actions A and B where a is the actor of action A and the recipient of action B, and vice versa. Usually these actions are performed concurrently, but these may also be done consequently. The ownership of the things being traded is the requirement/result pair for each action. |
| action:Transaction - A transaction is an exchange or interaction between at least two agents a and b. Consists of two actions A and B where a is the actor of action A and the recipient of action B, and vice versa. Usually these actions are performed concurrently, but these may also be done consequently. |
| expression:addressee - Allows for expressing the relation between a communicated attitude and the Agent to which the communication act is addressed |
| expression:Argument - An argument is a reason that is expressed through some medium |
| expression:asserted_by - Relates an expression being asserted to the assertion |
| expression:Assertion - The assertion is subject to a fit between words and world, in Searle's terms. It's propositional content can be true of false. If it is inconsistent with other assertions, beliefs, observations, it may come to be considered false. |
| expression:asserts - Relates an assertion to the expression being asserted |
| expression:Assumption - proposes something that usually is the case, although there is no specific evidence that it is true in this particular case |
| expression:attitude - Relates a proposition to the attitude held towards it |
| expression:author - Relates an expression to the author of the expression (e.g. for expressions contained in documents) |
| expression:bears - A Medium 'bears' or carries expressions. |
| expression:Belief - Someting an agent 'believes in', i.e. holds as true |
| expression:believed_by - Relates a belief to the agent holding the belief |
| expression:believes - Relates an agent to the belief(s) it holds |
| expression:Cause - A cause is an epistemic role played by something which is the outcome of a (chain) of processes |
| expression:Communicated_Attitude - A communictated attitude is a propositional attitude involved in an act of communication. |
| expression:Declaration - Searle: the successful performance of a declaration is sufficient to bring about the fit between words and world, to make the propositional content true. In other words, if there is an inconsistency between the declaration and assertions, beliefs, or observations, it is not the declaration that is false. True of definitions and norms, and several other performative statements by legislators. |
| expression:declared_by - Relates a declared expression to the attitude to the declaration |
| expression:declares - Relates a declaration to the expression being declared |
| expression:Desire - A feeling of wanting |
| expression:Document - A Document bears some (and only) expression(s) stated by some statement in writing. |
| expression:evaluated_by |
| expression:evaluates |
| expression:Evaluative_Attitude - An evaluative attitude expresses e.g. a judgment. The proposition qualified by the evaluative attitude is comparable to something else. |
| expression:Evaluative_Proposition - Some thing which is evaluatively qualified, i.e. an evaluation applies to the proposition, the proposition is judged. The proposition is comparable to some other proposition. |
| expression:evaluatively_comparable - Expresses whether some thing is evaluatively comparable to some other thing. |
| expression:Evidence - Observation and/or statement, used as a backing for a belief. Evidence is the role of observation which is qualified by some belief. |
| expression:Exception - An exception is something that is excluded from a general statement or does not follow a rule. In LKIF rules, an exception is a rule which has an exception relation to another rule (cf. Deliverable 1.1) |
| expression:Expectation - An expectation is a predictive belief held on purely logical grounds, i.e. not based on direct external evidence, like an observation or a statement by another agent. It is also often characterized as a "belief about the future", but this isn't very helpful since one may also hold expectations about the (yet unknown) past. The theory of evolution is for instance a fertile ground for predictions about the existence of past species, and therefore at the same a predictor of future observations. |
| expression:Expression - An expression is a proposition beared by some medium, e.g. a document, and is stated by some communicated attitude |
| expression:Fact - A fact is a proposition (about something) which is (commonly) agreed upon to hold as true: it has some backing in evidence |
| expression:held_by - Relates a propositional attitude to the agent holding the attitude |
| expression:holds - Relates an agent to the propositional attitude it holds |
| expression:intended_by - Specifies that some intention is held by some agent |
| expression:intends - Specifies that the agent holds some intention |
| expression:Intention - Intention is where the agent expects certain consequences of his or her actions and desires those consequences to occur. This concept must be related to qualification and preference in some way. |
| expression:Lie - An assertion that is inconsistent with the beliefs of the speaker. It is *intentionally* false. |
| expression:Medium - A medium is a bearer of expressions, i.e. externalised propositions. Propositions become expressions once they are externalised through some medium. |
| expression:medium - Relates an expression to the medium it is beared in (i.e. for extentional propositions) |
| expression:Observation - An observation is the role played by some proposition believed to be true or false through observation of an agent. |
| expression:observer - Relates a believed observation to the agent observing it |
| expression:observes - Relates an agent to the thing it beliefs it observes |
| expression:Problem - NOTE: This currently cannot be expressed: OWL DL does not support negation of properties. The definition will be further elaborated once OWL 1.1 is supported by development tools. |
| expression:Promise - A promise is a communicated attitude about some future action or state |
| expression:promised_by - Relates an expression to the promise over the expression |
| expression:promises - Relates a promise to the expression being promised |
| expression:Proposition - A (non logical) proposition is a proposition qualified by a propositional attitude. NB: The proposition used here does not correspond to a proposition in proposition logics. |
| expression:Propositional_Attitude - A propositional attitude connects a person (the holder of the attitude) to some proposition, in fact it expresses some qualification over the proposition. Distinguishing a proposition from the propositional content expressed by it is necessary when properties relating to the thing expressed and properties of the expression itself must be distinguished. For LKIF the distinction between Belief, Intention, Qualification, and Observation is relevant. The distinction between belief/expectation, intention, and observation is relevant for i.a. establishing mens rea (guilty mind). The distinction between beliefs (expressing the content of the mind of an agent) and statements (expressing the content of an act of communication by an agent) is classical. |
| expression:Qualification - A qualification expresses e.g. a judgment. The thing qualified by the qualification is comparable to something else. |
| expression:Qualified - Something that is qualified by some qualification |
| expression:qualified_by - Relates something which is qualified to the attitude or qualification qualifying it |
| expression:qualifies - Relates an evaluative attitude or qualification to the proposition or thing being qualified |
| expression:qualitatively_comparable |
| expression:Reason - Teleological counterpart of cause |
| expression:Speech_Act - A speech act (or illocutionary act) creates some propositional attitude which qualifies an expression (which by default is mediated through some medium). The actor of the speech act is the utterer of the atitude (NB cannot be expressed in OWL DL). |
| expression:stated_by - Relates a statement to its author |
| expression:Statement_In_Writing - Not to be confused with the actual writing/document itself, which is the medium of the statement. |
| expression:states - Relates an author to its statements |
| expression:Surprise - NOTE: This currently cannot be expressed: OWL DL does not support negation of properties. The definition will be further elaborated once OWL 1.1 is supported by development tools. |
| expression:towards - A towards relation between a propositional attitude and a proposition expresses that the attitude is held towards that proposition. Qualification of the proposition can be either true or false, i.e. the attitude denotes whether the proposition is either true or false. |
| expression:utterer - Relates an utterance (communicated propositional attitude) to its utterer |
| expression:utters - Relates an agent to its utterance(s) |
| laction:Act_of_Law - Act of law: a public act by a legislative body which creates an expression with legal status; the legal status depends on the jurisdiction of the legislative body. |
| laction:Assignment - A public act that attributes a power to perform a public act to a public body. |
| laction:Association - A voluntary association (also sometimes called an unincorporated association, or just an association) is a group of individuals who voluntarily enter into an agreement to form a body (or organization) to accomplish a purpose. |
| laction:Co-operative - An autonomous association of persons united voluntarily to meet their common economic, social, and cultural needs and aspirations through a jointly-owned and democratically-controlled enterprise. |
| laction:Company - A company refers to a legal entity formed which has a separate legal identity from its members, and is ordinarily incorporated to undertake commercial business. Although some jurisdictions refer to unincorporated entities as companies, in most jurisdictions the term refers only to incorporated entities. |
| laction:Corporation - A corporation is a legal entity which, while being composed of natural persons, exists completely separately from them. This separation gives the corporation unique powers which other legal entities lack. |
| laction:Decision - Decision: A (written) decision of a public body to perform a public act using a public power assigned by law. |
| laction:Delegation - Delegate: entrust a task or responsibility to some other person |
| laction:Foundation - A kind of (philanthropic) organization, set up as a legal entity either by individuals or institutions, with the purpose of distributing grants to support causes in line with the goals of the foundation |
| laction:Incorporated - An organisation formed into a legal corporation |
| laction:Legal Person (Private Law) - A legal person as defined in private law |
| laction:Legal_Person - A legal entity is a natural person or a legal construct through which the law allows a group of natural persons to act as if it were a single composite individual for certain purposes. The most common purposes are lawsuits, property ownership, and contracts. Sometimes referred to as corporate personhood or legal personality, this concept allows for easy conduct of business by having ownership, lawsuits, and agreements under the name of the legal entity instead of the several names of the people making up the entity.
A legal entity is not necessarily distinct from the natural persons of which it is composed. Most legal entities are simply amalgamations of the persons that make it up for convenience's sake. A legal entity that does have a separate existence from its members is called a company or corporation. This distinction gives the corporation its unique perpetual succession privilege and is usually also the source of the limited liability of corporate members. Some other legal entities also enjoy limited liability of members, but not on account of separate existence (Source: Wikipedia.org) |
| laction:Legal_Speech_Act - A legal speech act creates some propositional attitude towards a legal expression. |
| laction:Legislature - A legislature is a type of (representative) deliberative assembly with the power to adopt laws. |
| laction:Limited_Company - A limited company is a corporation whose liability is limited by law |
| laction:Mandate - Mandate: give (someone) authority to act in a certain way |
| laction:Natural_Person - A natural person is a human being perceptible through the senses and subject to physical laws, as opposed to an artificial person, i.e., an organization that the law treats for some purposes as if it were a person distinct from its members or owner. |
| laction:PLC - Similar to the US corporation, offers several advantages over trading as sole trader. |
| laction:Public_Act - A public act is an act by some Person or Organisation which creates (at least) a communicated attitude (and thereby an expression) |
| laction:Public_Body - A public body or body created by an act of law to serve a public interest |
| laction:Society - An organized group of people associated together for religious, benevolent, cultural, scientific, political, patriotic, or other purposes. |
| laction:Unincorporated |
| lrole:Legal_Role - A legal role is a role played in a legal context. Legal role players can be both Agents and other 'things' |
| lrole:Professional_Legal_Role - A professional legal role is a legal profession of some person, examples: lawyer, judge etc. |
| lrole:Social_Legal_Role - A social legal role is played by some agent in the context of legal activities. |
| mereo:Atom - An atom has no parts |
| mereo:component - Specifies that some thing is a (functional) component of some other thing |
| mereo:component_of - Specifies that some thing is a (functional) component of some other thing |
| mereo:composed_of - Specifies that some thing is composed_of (spatially) within some other thing |
| mereo:composes - Specifies that some thing is composed_of (spatially) within some other thing |
| mereo:Composition - A composition has multiple parts, the components should meet (OWL 1.1) |
| mereo:contained_in - Specifies that some thing is contained (spatially) within some other thing |
| mereo:contains - Specifies that some thing is contained (spatially) within some other thing |
| mereo:direct_part - The non-transitive part relation. |
| mereo:direct_part_of - The non-transitive part_of relation |
| mereo:member - Specifies membership of a set or group |
| mereo:member_of - Specifies membership of a set or group |
| mereo:Pair - A composition of exactly two parts |
| mereo:part - Transitive part relation |
| mereo:Part - A part is a part_of some whole |
| mereo:part_of - Transitive part_of relation |
| mereo:strict_part - Non transitive part relation |
| mereo:strict_part_of - Non transitive part_of relation |
| mereo:Whole - A whole has several parts |
| modification:Annulment |
| modification:Application - When a local act applies in the local legal system normative supra-ordered such as when a region applies an EU directive or a decree it applies the normative contant in some act |
| modification:application |
| modification:Application_Date - The date when a modification is applied to the destination legislative document. The date can be instantaneous, in the future or in the past. Normally this date coincides with the date of efficacy of the text in which the modification takes place. |
| modification:Application_Interval - This is the interval during which a normative document, or fragment, produces the consequences that the normative provision establishes. |
 modification:date |
| modification:Delivery_Date - The date when the competent authorities finalise the document by affixing their signatures to it (e.g. promulgation by the president, signature by the queen etc.) This is the date shown on the document itself: it is an objective element and clearly identifyable. |
| modification:Deregulation - When a part of some primary legislative source is delegated to some secondary legislative source (e.g. from act to regulation). |
| modification:duration |
| modification:Dynamic_Temporal_Entity - A dynamic temporal entity represents the norm in its evolution over time. |
| modification:efficacy |
| modification:Efficacy_Interval - The period during which a normative fragment may be either operative or inoperative, by explicit provision of the document itself. The document is said to be in a period of operation, or enforceability or efficacy, when it may or must be applied or enforced. |
| modification:Efficacy_Modification - Modifies the efficacy period of some norm |
| modification:End_efficacy |
| modification:End_in_Force - When an act states the end of the period of enactment, and includes an implicit repealing of the text. |
| modification:Enter_in_Force_Date - The date when a dnormative document becomes law and enters the legal system for the first time. This is the moment in the doucment's history starting from which the document can be amended, its applicability assessed, and its manner of producing an effect determined. |
| modification:Exception - Restricts the scope of normative content to some particular jurisdiction |
| modification:Existence_Date - The date when the formal act by which a legislative body freezes the document into its final form, it is the time when the document can be said to have begun its existence. |
| modification:Extension - Extends the scope of normative content to some particular jurisdiction |
| modification:final_date |
| modification:final_date_of |
| modification:in_force |
| modification:In_Force_Interval - The period during which a normative fragment belongs to the normative system. The period of force for each fragment may change over time as a function of the modifications the document goes through. |
| modification:In_Force_Modification - Modifies the period of being in force of some norm |
| modification:initial_date |
| modification:initial_date_of |
| modification:Integration |
| modification:Interpretation - Modification of the interpretation of normative content by the author or some superior actor |
| modification:Modification - See ESTRELLA deliverable 3.2 |
| modification:Modification_of_Meaning - A modification that changes the meaning of some provision without changing its literal text |
| modification:Modification_of_Scope - See ESTRELLA deliverable 3.2 |
| modification:Modification_of_System - See ESTRELLA deliverable 3.2 |
| modification:Modification_of_Term - Modification of the term specified by some procedural deadline. |
| modification:produce_efficacy_modification |
| modification:produce_inforce_modification |
| modification:produce_textual_modification |
| modification:Prorogation_Efficacy - Prorogation of entry into force, but applied to the efficacy of some norm |
| modification:Prorogation_in_Force - Prorogation of the date of enactment of some normative content. The 'life' of the act is lengthened with respect to some previous end of enactment modification. |
| modification:Publication_Date - The date when the normative document is published in the official journal designated as the source for making all such documents public and legal. |
| modification:Ratification - When an international treaty is ratified by local parliament in order to include it in the local legal system. The same thing happens when each local parliament ratifies bilateral or multilateral agreements. |
| modification:Relocation - Moving some part of the text to some other place within the same document |
| modification:Remaking - When an act is completely rewritten in a new way but the topic remains the same. |
| modification:Renewal |
| modification:Repeal - Removal of some part of text or the entire act from the legal system. |
| modification:Retroactivity - When the efficacy or a partial efficacy starts before the entry into force of the document |
| modification:Semantic_Annotation - See ESTRELLA deliverable 3.2 |
| modification:Start_Efficacy |
| modification:Start_in_Force |
| modification:Static_Temporal_Entity - A static temporal entity captures a single moment in the norm's life that is fixed over time. |
| modification:Substitution - Substitution of a part or entire act or annex |
| modification:Suspension - When a part of an act or some provisions are suspended in coming to be operative for a period or indefinately |
| modification:Temporal_Modification - Modifies the efficacy or being in force of some norm |
| modification:Textual_Modification - See ESTRELLA deliverable 3.2 |
| modification:Transposition - Interpretation in context of the European Union |
| modification:Ultractivity |
| modification:Variation - Modification by paraphrasing |
| norm:Action_Power - An action-power consists in a generic power to produce a legal effect through an action determining it. Also called Subjections |
| norm:Allowed - See normatively qualified. Alternative labels: permitted, sanctioned, let, licensed. |
| norm:Allowed_And_Disallowed - Something which is both allowed and disallowed through some norm |
| norm:allowed_by - Relates a qualified Allowed to the norm allowing it |
| norm:allows - Relates a norm to the thing it allows |
| norm:Belief_In_Violation - A belief in some violation |
| norm:Code - A legal code bears one or more norms, all of which are uttered by some legislative body. It cannot bear expressions which are not uttered by a legislative body. |
| norm:Code_of_Conduct - a code outlining the responsibilities of or best practice for an individual or organisation, such as a set of principles of good corporate behaviour adopted by a business\ |
| norm:commanded_by |
| norm:commands |
| norm:Contract - A contract bears one or more norms, all of which are uttered by some natural person or legal person. It cannot bear expressions which are uttered by a different kind of agent. |
| norm:Custom - The collective memory of some group of agents, i.e. propositions beared by custom are shared (i.e. held) by all members of the group |
| norm:Customary_Law - In law, custom, or customary law consists of established patterns of behaviour that can be objectively verified within a particular social setting. |
| norm:Declarative_Power - We say that j has the declarative power to realize A to mean that if j declares A, then it is legally valid that A. For example, if x has the declarative power to terminate yÕs obligation toward x to do then if x declares that yÕs obligation toward x finishes, then it is legally valid that this obligation finishes. |
| norm:Decree - The word decree is often used as a derogative term for any authoritarian decision |
| norm:Definitional_Expression - A definition in a legal context (for example Òx means yÓ or Òby x it is meant yÓ); |
| norm:Directive - Examples are European Union directive, a legislative act of the European Union and Directives, used by United States Government agencies (particularly the Department of Defense) to convey policies, responsibilities, and procedures. |
| norm:Disallowed - See Qualified. Alternative labels: violation, prohibited, forbidden |
| norm:disallowed_by - Relates a qualified Disallowed to the norm disallowing it |
| norm:Disallowed_Intention - The propositional content (i.e. that which is intended) of the intention is disallowed. Interesting concept for establishing mens rea (guilty mind), although 'disallowed' is a weaker qualification than criminal. Note the distinction between purposely committing a crime and knowingly committing a crime. The crime committed does not have to match the crime intended for establishing intent! |
| norm:disallows - Relates a norm to the thing it disallows |
| norm:Enabling_Power - An enabling power is used in cases where the law aims at enabling some agent to produce an effect in a particular way. |
| norm:Evaluative_Expression - A legal evaluative expression asserts that something is good or bad, is a value to be optimised or an evil to be minimised (for example Òhuman dignity is valueÓ, Òparticipation ought to be promotedÓ); |
| norm:Exclusionary_Right - An exclusionary right concerns the prohibition against performing certain inferences (against reasoning in certain ways), or
against using certain kinds of premises for certain purposes, in the interest of a particular person. This is especially the case with anti-discrimination rules. |
| norm:Existential_Expression - Establishes or terminates the existence of a legal entity (for example Òthe company ceases to existÓ); |
| norm:Hohfeldian_Power - A hohfeldian power covers any action which determines a legal effect. |
| norm:Immunity - Also called Disabilities |
| norm:International_Agreement - An agreement entered into by actors in international law, namely states and international organizations. |
| norm:International_Arbitration - International Arbitration is the established method today for resolving disputes between parties to international commercial agreements. As with arbitration generally, it is a creature of contract, i.e., the parties' decision to submit any disputes to private adjudication by one or more arbitrators appointed in accordance with rules the parties themselves have agreed to adopt, usually by including a provision for the same in their contract. The practice of international arbitration has developed so as to allow parties from different legal and cultural backgrounds to resolve their disputes, generally without the formalities of their underlying legal systems. |
| norm:Legal_Doctrine - Legal doctrine is a framework, set of rules, procedural steps, or test, often established through precedent in the common law, through which judgments can be determined in a given legal cas |
| norm:Legal_Document - Subclasses of legal source can be distinguished through the authority of the agent creating the expression (i.e. the agent holding the norm). |
| norm:Legal_Expression - Legal expressions are created by some legal speech act and qualified by a communicated attitude |
| norm:Legal_Source - A legal source is a source for legal statements, both norms and legal expressions. In a sense it is literally a 'source' of law |
| norm:Liability_Right - A liability right expresses some right to act that brings with it some liability to perform another (compensating) act. For instance, if some k performs the permitted action A, then k will have to perform another action B for the benefit of j. |
| norm:Liberty_Right - When, for the benefit of a person, this person is both permitted to perform and to omit an action Ð that is, when the action is facultative Ð we can say that he or she has a liberty right with regard to that action. |
| norm:Mandatory_Precedent - In law, a binding precedent (also mandatory precedent or binding authority) is a precedent which must be followed by all lower courts. It is usually created by the decision of a higher court, such as the House of Lords in the United Kingdom. Binding precedent relies on the legal principle of stare decisis. |
| norm:Non-binding_International_Agreement - Some international agreement that is not binding under international law |
| norm:Norm - A norm is a kind of Qualification. A qualification which normatively qualifies some thing (i.e. some normatively qualified): i.e. a qualification which allows or disallows some thing. |
| norm:normatively_comparable |
| norm:normatively_equivalent_or_better |
| norm:normatively_equivalent_or_worse |
| norm:normatively_not_equivalent |
| norm:Normatively_Qualified - Some thing which is qualified (allowed, disallowed) by a norm, i.e. a norm applies to the thing. Taking the principle of deontic choice to mean that the utterer of a normative statement intends to influence choices made by the addressee of the statement, the qualified thing should is comparable to some alternative. Note that Qualified does not partition into Allowed and Disallowed. Firstly, things can be Allowed by one Norm and Disallowed by another one. Secondly, the logical complement of the thing allowed by a permission is qualified (as worse or equal than the thing allowed), but neither allowed nor disallowed. |
| norm:normatively_strictly_better |
| norm:normatively_strictly_worse |
| norm:Obligation - See prohibition |
| norm:Obligative_Right - Directed obligative ought-to-do are also called obligative rights. k has the obligative right that j does A iff it is obligatory, toward k, that j does A. An example of obligative right is Òit is obligatory, toward Mary, that Tom pays 1,000 euro to JohnÓ |
| norm:Obliged - Is allowed by an Obligation, i.e. the alternative is strictly_worse according to the Obligation. Alternative labels: directed, commanded. |
| norm:Observation_of_Violation - An observation of a violation, i.e. of something that is Disallowed. |
| norm:Permission - Permission allows propositions, to which therefore the predication Allowed applies. The thing(s) allowed is/are a subset of the thing(s) qualified by the permission. If S then P(A) means that S is qualified and S and A is allowed. |
| norm:Permissive_Right - The negation of a directed obligation is a directed permission. However, it counts as a right, namely, a permissive right, only when such negation is aimed at benefitting the author of the permitted action. |
| norm:Persuasive_Precedent - In law, a persuasive precedent or advisory precedent is a precedent that need not be followed under the legal principle of stare decisis, but is nevertheless followed. Sources of persuasive precedent include the obiter dicta in the judgment of a court whose judgment would otherwise be binding, and the judgments of courts in other jurisdictions where the facts and/or legal system are similar to the case at hand. If a superior court adopts a persuasive precedent, it may become binding in the jurisdiction. |
| norm:Potestative_Expression - Attributes a power to some agent (for example Òa worker has the power to terminate his work contractÓ); |
| norm:Potestative_Right - A potestative right is an enabling power which is meant to benefit the holder of the power. For example, if some animal y does not
belong to anybody, then x has the potestative-right to start xÕs ownership of the animal, by capturing y. |
| norm:Precedent - In law, a precedent or authority is a legal case establishing a principle or rule that a court may need to adopt when deciding subsequent cases with similar issues or facts. The term may also refer to the collective body of case law that a court should consider when interpreting the law. When a precedent establishes an important legal principle, or represents new or changed law on a particular issue, that precedent is often known as a landmark decision. |
| norm:Proclamation - A proclamation (Lat. proclamare, to make public by announcement) is an official declaration. |
| norm:Prohibition - Prohibition obliges/allows thing(s), to which therefore the predication Obliged applies, and disallows thing(s), to which therefore the predication Disallowed applies. The union of the thing(s) allowed and the thing(s) disallowed is qualified by the prohibition. The things allowed and disallowed by the prohibition are disjoint (and completely partition the space of things qualified). If S then O(A) means that S is qualified, S and A is obliged/allowed, and S and not A is disallowed. If S then F(A) means that S is qualified, S and A is disallowed, and S and not A is obliged/allowed. The difference between Obligation and Prohibition is in which part of the partition of the qualified space is explicitly described by the normative statement. Alternative label: directive |
| norm:Qualificatory_Expression - Ascribes a legal role to a person or an object (for example, Òx is a citizenÓ, Òx is an intellectual workÓ, Òx is a technical inventionÓ); |
| norm:Regulation - A regulation bears one or more norms, all of which are uttered by some legislative body. It cannot bear expressions which are not uttered by a legislative body. |
| norm:Resolution - A resolution is a written motion adopted by a deliberative body. The substance of the resolution can be anything that can normally be proposed as a motion. |
| norm:Right - A right is the legal or moral entitlement to do or refrain from doing something or to obtain or refrain from obtaining an action, thing or recogition in civil society. |
| norm:Soft_Law - The term "soft law" refers to quasi-legal instruments which do not have any binding force, or whose binding force is somewhat "weaker" than the binding force of traditional law, often referred to as "hard law", in this context. The term "soft law" initially appeared in the area of international law, but more recently it has been transferred to other branches of law. |
| norm:Statute - A statute bears one or more norms, all of which are uttered by some legal person. It cannot bear expressions which are uttered by a different kind of agent. |
| norm:Strictly_Allowed - Loose end. |
| norm:Strictly_Disallowed - Loose end. |
| norm:strictly_equivalent |
| norm:Treaty - A treaty is a binding agreement under international law entered into by actors in international law, namely states and international organizations. Treaties are called by several names: treaties, international agreements, protocols, covenants, conventions, exchanges of letters, exchanges of notes, etc. |
| places:Absolute_Place - An absolute place is defined without reference to other places. |
| places:abut - Two places abut if they meet but do not partially coincide. NOTE: OWL 1.1: 'abut' is irreflexive and disjoint with 'partially-coincide' |
| places:Comprehensive_Place - A place is comprehensive if it always covers every place (and thus also every location-complex) and every object. |
| places:connect - Two places are connected if they are both relatively fixed and when they meet |
| places:cover - Specifies that two places cover eachother. Note: this cover-relation is the inverse of the COV relation described by Donnelly (2005) |
| places:covered_by - Specifies that two places cover eachother. To add in OWL 1.1: 'covered-by' is reflexive, 'covered-by' is transitive |
| places:exactly_coincide - To add in OWL 1.1: 'exactly-coincide' is reflexive, 'exactly-coincide' is symetric, 'exactly-coincide' is transitive |
| places:externally_connect - Two places are externally connected if they are relatively fixed and abut, but do not overlap (OWL 1.1) |
| places:in - The 'in' property is used to express that one place is located (i.e. contained) within another place. It is therefore a mereological relation as well. |
| places:Location_Complex - A location complex is a relatively stable complex of places referred to as one: it is the maximal collection of places with the same reference object. |
| places:location_complex |
| places:location_complex_for |
| places:meet - Specifies that two places meet, but need not overlap or cover (reflexive) |
| places:overlap - Two places overlap if they are relatively fixed and partially coincide |
| places:partially_coincide - To add in OWL 1.1: 'partially-coincide' is reflexive, 'partially-coincide' is disjoint with 'abut' |
| places:Place - A place is a spatio-temporal-occurrence |
| places:Relative_Place - A relative place is defined by some reference to some object/thing |
| places:relatively_fixed - Two places are relatively fixed if and only if either x and y have a common reference object or neither x nor y has a reference object |
| places:spatial_reference - The reference to an object determines the relative place. |
| places:spatial_relation - A spatial relation is a relation between two places |
| process:Change - A change is a difference between the situation before and after the change occurs (the event of the change). A change can be instantaneous |
| process:Continuation - The continuation of a change, once initiated |
| process:created_by - Specifies that some thing is created (i.e. a result of) by a process, and exists because of the process taking place. |
| process:creation - Specifies that some thing is created (i.e. a result of) by a process, and exists because of the process taking place. |
| process:Initiation - The initation of a change |
| process:participant - A participant is someone or something that participates in a change, i.e. is involved in a change |
| process:participant_in - Specifies that some thing participates in a process |
| process:Physical_Object - A physical object is a physical concept consisting of matter, it has a spatio-temporal extension. |
| process:Process - A process is a 'causal' change: any change which can be explained through some known or understood causal structure. Every process has some Time_Period as duration. |
| process:requirement - A requirement relation relates the process with a prerequisite for that process: without it the process cannot occur |
| process:requirement_of - Specifies that some participant is a requirement for a process |
| process:resource - A resource is some quantity of something used to perform the action: i.e. time, energy |
| process:resource_for - Specifies that some participant is a resource for a process |
| process:result - Specifies that some participant is the result of the process, it might have existed before the process took place, but is in some way altered |
| process:result_of - Specifies that some participant is the result of a process, it might have existed before the process took place, but is in some way altered (an 'inanimate' goal of an act) |
| process:Termination - The termination of a change. |
| role:Epistemic_Role - The role of something used in a reasoning/inference process |
| role:Function - The use or purpose of some object as used in some context. |
| role:Organisation_Role - A role which has a meaning in the context of an organisation: i.e. the role defines a 'position' within sthe structure of roles within an organisation |
| role:Person_Role - A role played by some person (i.e. not an organisation) |
| role:played_by - Specifies that some role is played by some thing |
| role:plays - Specifies that some thing plays a role |
| role:Role - A role is a specification of default behavior and accompanying expectations of the thing 'playing' the role. Similar to actors in a theater who play roles, but are not the roles. Example: student. |
| role:Social_Role - played_by all (action:Agent and (action:actor_in some (action:Action and (plays some expression:Expectation)))) |
| rules:applies - Specifies whether some rule applies to some atom |
| rules:Argument - An argument is some rule used in argumentation (cf. Deliverable 1.1) |
| rules:Assumption - An assumption is some atom held to be true, without proof, in the head of a rule (defeasibly), cf. Deliverable 1.1 |
| rules:Atom - An atom is the most basic (undivisible) part of an LKIF rule (cf. Deliverable 1.1) |
| rules:Exception - An exception states an exception to the head of the rule (defeasibly), cf. Deliverable 1.1 |
| rules:excluded - Specifies an exclusion relation between a rule and an atom |
| rules:Negated_Atom - A negated atom is the negation of some other atom (cf. Deliverable 1.1) |
| rules:prior - Specifies a prior relation between two rules |
| rules:rebuts - Specifies whether some rule abuts another rule |
| rules:Rule - An LKIF rule, based on swrl:Impl |
| rules:rule_predicate - Some predicate in or over some rule |
| rules:Valid_Rule - A valid LKIF rule |
| time:after - 'after' is the transitive closure of 'next'; this is defined in time-rules.owl. |
| time:before - Specifies that a time period occurs before another period, but might overlap with it. |
| time:between - Specifies that a time period occurs between two other periods |
| time:during - Specifies that a time period occurs during another period |
| time:finishes - Specifies that a time period finishes another period, i.e. the other period starts before, but ends at the same moment |
| time:immediatly_after - 'is_met_by' is renamed to 'immediatly_after' |
| time:immediatly_before - Add to OWL 1.1: 'immediatly_before' is serial, 'immediatly_before' is irreflexive |
| time:Interval - An interval is a composition of multiple periods of time. |
| time:Moment - A moment is an atomic period of time, i.e. it cannot be divided into other parts |
| time:overlap - Specifies that a time period overlaps with another time period (in any way) |
| time:Pair_Of_Periods - A pair of two time periods |
| time:preceeds - Specifies that a time period preceeds another period, the periods do not overlap |
| time:starts - Specifies that a time period starts another period, i.e. the other period starts at the same time, but ends at a later time. |
| time:Temporal_Occurrence - A period of time, has a duration |
| time:temporal_relation - A relation between two time periods |
| top:Abstract_Concept - An abstract concept is a concept which does not (necessarily) have a referent in either the physical or the mental world.
Abstract entities are (proto)mathematical, formal entities, entities which have a purely formal, logical or mathematical meaning.
As all concepts are abstractions, one may argue that a separate abstract world is difficult to see. In common-sense, a circle has more properties and is less abstract than in mathematics. Even mathematicians marvel about the fact their pure abstractions enable us to predict very concrete things. However, we are not directly concerned with these mappings. The most important is that common-sense knows about a (small) number of proto-mathematical concepts, such as collections, sequences and count-numbers (positive integers). We know also about geometric simplifications such as line, circle, square, cube, etc. These common sense notions might even be the real roots of our mathematics. However, these kind of semi-formal abstractions do not play a very central role in law, and therefore LRI-Core is thinly populated with abstract classes. |
| top:Mental_Concept - We made the assumption that our views of the mental world have been developed in analogy with physical processes. Mental objects like thoughts are made of elementary parts: concepts. The contents (substance) of these objects are representations. The conceptual content of thoughts are intended by propositional attitudes, like belief, desire, norm etc. Mental objects are processed or stored in containers like a mind which has parts like various memories. Mental processes like thinking, memorizing, imaging, etc. are operations on mental objects. The energy equivalent of mental processing are emotions: the forces that make us focus our mental energies.
There is an important difference between the mental world and the physical. Where physical processes occur causally, mental processes are controlled by an intentional stance. The outcome of mental processes can be the intention to act. The intention to act may consist of a structure of primary actions: a plan. The actions can be aimed at bringing about physical changes, but they may also be aimed at changing the mental state of another agent: these intended actions are communication actions. Like direct actions, communication actions have a physical appearance. They also need some physical medium to transfer the intended mental state. Speech act is the common term for these actions.
Whether this notion of intended control over mental processes and actions is an illusion or not is besides the point in modeling common-sense. The intentional stance implies a kind of backward, teleological reasoning over causally related processes. A mental object like a plan consists of a goal state (intention) and is produced by reasoning from goal to means (actions): this is what rational agency behavior is about.
The mental world is not only a reflective one based in our minds eye. We may observe the stream of conscious mental processes, but the role of the mental conceptualizations is of even more important in understanding and communicating with other people. Mental processes and attitudes (sources of intention) are in the first place the building stones for modeling the minds of other people. The intentional stance means in the first place that we attribute to others and to some extent also to many animals intentions and intention directed mental processing and belief. |
| top:Mental_Object - Metaphor of physical concepts, i.e. the things we mentally manipulate, either in thought or memory |
| top:Occurrence - A consequence of our clear separation of ontology from models of situations (occurrences), is well exemplified in the two ways we look at time and space. Things happen against the canvas of space and time. This 3D canvas moving in time (or whatever metaphor) allows us to index instances of objects and processes. Time and space provide positions in time and space for objects. Positions are in general modeled in some mereological framework. However, the objects and processes as classes have time and space properties in a different way. Space occupied by an object is its inherent property of size or extension. This property was for Descartes even the critical one that separated mental (not: abstract) objects from physical ones. Processes occupy (consume) time; they take some duration. This time resource is inversely related to the consumption of energy. This distinction between position and extension is also made in various other ontologies. However, this distinction is easily obscured by the fact that the extension of an object can also be used as a reference for location. An object can be in another object. In fact, any physical object can be used as a spatial and even temporal referent. This does not refute our view that locations are occurrences. To be precise: extension is an inherent, necessary property of a physical object or process; its location is an accidental one. |
| top:Physical_Concept - The physical world evolves around two main classes: physical objects and processes.
In lkif-core, the physical world evolves around two main classes: physical objects and processes. Objects are pieces of matter, while matter is typed by substances. Objects have mass, extension, viz. form and aggregation state (which limits form). Objects are the specification of the notion that matter, and in particular solid objects, is what makes the physical world relatively stable and observable. We define (physical) situations in the first place by the arrangement of physical objects (entities). |
| top:Spatio_Temporal_Occurrence - An occurrence in space-time |